System resistance
Pressure losses arise in valves and heat exchangers as well as in inlets, bends, grilles, openings and internal components. The complete flow path therefore determines the operating point.
Heat transfer
Convection, conduction and, where relevant, radiation are considered together. Air distribution, fin and tube geometry, materials and fouling margins affect heat-exchanger performance.
- Pressure-loss curve
- Volume or mass flow
- Temperature fields and heat balance
- Local under-supply and recirculation
Engineering evaluation
Variants are compared under common boundary conditions. The result supports selection of geometry, openings, component positions or fan and pump operating points.
